Much Ado About Nothing - A Feminist Perspective Essay...

A Feminist Perspective of Much Ado About Nothingnbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Much Ado About Nothing, though a critically acclaimed play, seems to be truly a fuss of trivial details and sexist thinking. The title fits the play itself, in the sense that it is a case of a great amount of nothing, which perhaps can be assumed to be a mistake on William Shakespeares part. The characters in the comedy are not realistic, and those that could have been were transformed throughout the course of events depicted. The most trouble with the play, however, seems to come from the representation of the female characters, particularly in comparison with the males. It seems almost that the female characters are written off, rather than merely written out.†¦show more content†¦Beatrice begins in the comedy as an outstanding example of a sharp-witted female. She is candidly funny, and brutally honest. She calls people as she sees them, though it might be offensive to those she chooses to observe. For instance, when she spars with Benedick, she hits him exactly where she knows it will hurt - his large ego. Why, he is the Princes jester, a very dull fool, (II, i, 130-131) she says of Benedick, to his face. In this statement, she is mocking his ability at verbal sparring, as well as turning his own intelligence into an amusement for the Prince, and whomever ma y be an audience for it at the time. Later in the play, however, Beatrices intelligence is lessened greatly. Her character is made into that of the stereotype of an Elizabethan woman: easily gulled, and quick to fall in love. When she hears the planned conversation between Hero and Ursula, she immediately changes her entire thinking of Benedick. Soon she even believes that she loves him, in return for the sentiments she was made to believe he shared. This transition from sharp wit to the type of gossip that believes every bit of hearsay is difficult to believe in any character, even a Shakespearean one. When Beatrice finally succumbs to this love for Benedick, and betrays her own convictions against marriage, the metamorphosis is complete. Only the shell of a once potentially brilliantShow MoreRelated Much Ado About Nothing - A Feminist Perspective of Hero Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesA Feminist Perspective of Hero in Much Ado About Nothing  Ã‚     Ã‚   Unlike the title of this piece suggests, Hero did not undergo her transformation in Much Ado About Nothing through magic.   Rather, Hero was a victim of the double standards and illogical fears that the men of Shakespeare’s plays commonly held.   The following quote sums it up quite well:   In the plays female sexuality is not expressed variously through courtship, pregnancy, childbearing, and remarriage, as it is in the periodRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing And King Lear3685 Words   |  15 PagesName: Instructors’ Name: Course: Date: Analysis of Shakespeare’s powerful female characters in the play â€Å"Much Ado about Nothing† and â€Å"King Lear Introduction Shakespeare is seen to value the role of women as his plays often portray women as heroines. These women have strong characters that endear them to readers. Readers in our current world, and especially women, are encouraged to be self-assertive in demand for equal treatment in our society. This has been the tradition for women in the WesternRead More Portrayal of Women in William Shakespeares Plays Essay3560 Words   |  15 PagesWilliam Shakespeares characterization of women varies immensely from one comedy to another. In his works, Taming of the Shrew, The Merchant of Venice, and Much Ado About Nothing, he portrays both dominant and submissive women. Ultimately, Shakespeare examines the complexity of women by displaying the vast array of attitudes, emotions, and their treatment and reaction to men as well as refuting the typical subservient wife role. In Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew, the difficultiesRead MoreEssay on A Feminist Perspective of William Shakespeare1506 Words   |  7 PagesA Feminist Perspective of Shakespeare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although William Shakespeare reflects and at times supports the English Renaissance stereotypes of women and men and their various roles and responsibilities in society, he is also a writer who questions, challenges, and modifies those representations. His stories afford opportunities not only to understand Renaissance culture better but also to confront our own contemporary generalizations about gender, especially what it means to be female. In hisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey 3033 Words   |  13 Pagesplunges a glowing ax or adze/ in an ice-cold bath and the metal screeches steam/ and its temper hardens— that s the iron s strength—/ so the eye of the Cyclops sizzled round that stake!† (Homer, p.223). Second, The Odyssey explores complex truths about human experience. Through the twists and turns of Odysseus’ way back home, it raises awareness to both our human failings and superb qualities, which are proved to yield very different r esults. As a result, it touches ground on human psychology andRead MoreFeminist Theory Applied to Hamlet2809 Words   |  12 PagesRepresenting Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism Elaine Showalter Though she is neglected in criticism, Ophelia is probably the most frequently illustrated and cited of Shakespeare’s heroines. Her visibility as a subject in literature, popular culture, and painting, from Redon who paints her drowning, to Bob Dylan, who places her on Desolation Row, to Cannon Mills, which has named a flowery sheet pattern after her, is in inverse relation to her invisibility inRead MoreGender Roles in Shakespeare1834 Words   |  8 Pagesparticipate in and reflect the ideas of gender roles in Western society. To the extent that they reflect existing notions about the proper roles of men and women, they can be said to be a product of their society. However, since they have been studied, performed, and taught for five hundred years, they may be seen as formative of contemporary notions about the relationships between males, females, and power. Derrida was right in asserting that there is no outside to the textRead More Gender Roles in Shakespeare Essay1760 Words   |  8 Pagesboth participate in and reflect the ideas of gender roles in Western society. To the extent that they reflect existing notions about the proper roles of men and women, they can be said to be a product of their society. However, since they have been studied, performed, and taught for five hundred years, they may be seen as formative of contemporary notions about the relationships between males, females, and power. Derrida was right in asserting that quot;there is no outside to the text

An Ethical Dilemma in the Workplace - 780 Words

An Ethical Dilemma In The Workplace The Dilemma; An Assistant Teacher, from my Counseling Ministry, has worked for twenty years in many types of school setting and with students from grades Pre-K to High school. During her career, she has encounter unfavorable encounters with her peers, parents and students. One particular incident she received a written reprimand from her supervisor. The supervisor stated she engaged in dishonorable conduct of insubordination. She refuses to abide by the instructions, refuses to follow policies, and refused to perform designated work. It also said she was neglecting one’s own job, duties, and responsibility or provided the best possible service as an Assistant Teacher. The reprimand threatens her†¦show more content†¦Maintain position as hired for, an Assistant- to aid the primary teacher as instructed. 3. Cooperative; expected to conduct responsibilities professionally. Communication with primary teacher in an honorable disposition and should be on going and without disruption for learning. Follow classroom schedules, prepare instruction material, and maintain clerical duties as instructed by the primary teacher. 4. Customer Relations; refer all questions of the parents about a child’s academic and behavioral progress, or illness to the primary teacher. All communications, concerns, or grievances, concerning colleagues are to be address before or after class instruction time. 5. Confidentiality is to be maintaining in the working environment and out in the community setting. No information is to breech concerning staff, parents, students, or other stakeholders. 6. Loyal is to be maintain in the district and public relations to the school. Ms. Lee upholds the following instructions and standards set forth by the Administrations and the state’s Department of Education requirements. And reflects those instructions and policies have never been compromise during her twenty years career in the Educational field. References and witness have maintains she has complied in every avenue. A written response from Ms. Lee was added to the Employee file. Ms. Lee and I went over every concern and I suggest a journal be kept to see the differences ofShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas in Workplace1634 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemmas in Workplace Personal values may conflict with ethical decision making if those personal values are different than the organizational norms of the business or institution. Constructing, and maintaining personal ethics in the workplace rests with the individual, and how willing he or she is in assimilating to the evolving cultural dynamic of the corporate world. Many times a person find their personal, cultural and/or organizational ethics conflicting and must reconcile a course ofRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1291 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas in the Workplace As a manager, you are the role model for staff. You set the standards, adhere to guidelines, and exemplify what you expect staff to model. By doing so, you are establishing and sustaining an organizational culture of ethics and integrity, which is the backbone of all successful endeavors. However, even the best structured organizations face ethical dilemmas in the workplace. It is how management recognizes and addresses these occurrences that will either set themRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace880 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many ethical dilemmas one can face while in a workplace. Some are easy to handle, while others do not have a quick solution. There are also many different interactions that can take place. Ethical dilemmas involving a request from a boss have proven to be difficult situations to handle. In the workplace, it is vital to have a strong relationship with a boss. This is what makes an unethical request from a boss such a hard situation to be put in. One wouldn’t want to sacrifice the relationshipRead MoreWorkplace Ethical Dilemmas931 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Ethical Dilemmas Workplace Ethical Dilemmas Ethical dilemmas are what happen when a person is faced with a decision that may press against their personal values or beliefs. At one of my previous jobs, there was a problem with employees conducting their personal business, errands, or hobbies all while on the company’s time. There were many times that people were caught shopping on company computers, playing games or accessing social networking sites, checking personal email accountsRead MoreEthical Dilemma Of The Workplace1213 Words   |  5 PagesLodino, Luiz Sekerka, Leslie Ethical Dilemma A. Identify and summarize key problem(s)/ issue(s): First and foremost Steve, did not consider his job as the best job ever, however he got away with such feeling once he started to create some affinity along his co-workers. Although the other employees were fun, they did not respect the company or management. The environment was loud, laid back in an extreme point where employees did not perform their duty, instead conversations, jokes, music, andRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 Pages1. Discuss an ethical dilemma that you have had to face in the workplace. Ethical dilemmas often occur when a manager or an employee is faced with two or more conflicting choices. Give as many facts and details as possible in describing your dilemma. The most difficult ethical dilemma I have dealt with was a summer job I had this past summer, while I was working for a bakery in my hometown. 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Ethics is the term we give to our concern for good behavior.   It is human nature to not only be concerned with our own personal well being, but also that of others and of human society as a whole.   The difference between moral dilemmas and ethical ones, philosophers say, is that in moral issues the choice is between right and wrong.   In ethical ones, the choice is between two rights. Everyday Im faced with decisions of right and wrong, most of which

Gerhard Richter Example For Students

Gerhard Richter Biography Outline1 Biography2 Key Ideas in painting3 Famous paintings made by Gerhard Richter Biography Talking about the biography of this German miracle is a very big honor. While reading, you will find out why is it so. Gerhard Richter is a very famous painter, artist, and photographer.  He has produced abstract artwork as well as photorealistic paintings, photographs, and glass pieces. He was born in Dresden but grew up in Poland. His father was a teacher. His mother gave birth to the boy   at the age of 25. By the way, his grandfather was a gifted pianist. When the family moved back to Dresden, they became bankrupt. In November 1936 his sister Gisela was born. In 1943 his mother Hildegard decided to move her family to another city to Waltersdorf.  He left school after 10th grade. He had a huge desire to be a famous German artist, to make his biography a significant one. In the year of 1948 Gerhard Richter graduated from the higher professional school in Zittau, and for two years he worked as a painter, making amazing artworks. One of his early paintings was made in 1950. His picture for studying at the   Dresden Academy of Fine Arts was rejected as being too bourgeois.  Well, a small number of beginners and their artworks are fast accepted by people and critics. After that Gerhard Richter entered Dresden Academy of Fine Arts. There he had very good professors – Karl von Appen, Heinz Richter, Will Grohmann. In the early period of his career, he prepared a wall painting called Communion with Picasso made in 1955.  An interesting fact is that he made this art as a part of diploma defense in Academy of Arts. Gerhard Richter started with photography as with a hobby, and in 1960 after he made his first photo he said that photo is the absolute power, as it is static, it will never change and exactly this is the biggest power of it. Gerhard Richter’s personal life is a little bit hard. He had three marriages. His first wife is Marianne Eufinger; they became a family in 1957; this woman gave birth to his first daughter. In 1982 he married his second wife, sculptor Isa Genzken. With her, Richter had two sons. And the last wife Sabine Moritz also gave birth to their  daughter after their marriage in 1995. Key Ideas in painting This famous painter, the artist worked very hard to gain the things he has now. All of his drawings are not in one gallery – they are all over the world. Why painter Gerhard Richter, a boy who was born in such hard times, could have things he has now? His paintings have something extraordinary; his drawings charm everyone who once saw them. What is the key to success, how to make famous paintings? Gerhard Richter’s demonstrates both – illusionistic space that  seems to be pretty natural, and the physical activity and material in his paintings. According to his words, he thinks that this is the thing which makes his art and whole work so popular. Famous paintings made by Gerhard Richter Here we will represent famous paintings and drawings of the artist and painter Gerhard Richter. His whole art, and especially the period of his early paintings and photography is awesome. So, look, entertain and relax with watching the pictures: HAGGADAH (P2), 2014 Artwork  Bouquet, 2009 Now it is in Wada Garou Tokyo  gallery Kassel, 1992 Situated in Sina Stockebrand Kunsthandel Beratung P16 Flow, 2016 Snow-White, 2005 Located in Wada Garou Tokyo P6 (Flow), 2014 Its cost is  £2,500 5,000 B1 from Swiss Alps II (Schweizer Alpen II), 1969 .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 , .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 .postImageUrl , .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 , .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0:hover , .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0:visited , .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0:active { border:0!important; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0:active , .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0 .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u352a846d427b8affdcf2f6f176d84bc0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Keith Haring £10,000 15,000 P4 (Flow), 2014  £2,500 5,000 Abstract painting (red, blurred), 1995 Under â‚ ¬1,000 Kerze, 1983 Galerie Kellermann Sold 28.01.94, 1994 It is located in Galerie Leu

The Homecoming plot summary Essay Example For Students

The Homecoming plot summary Essay The Homecoming is set in an old North London house. The set is a large room extending the width of the stage. A wall has been removed to create a bigger room. The back wall, which contained the door, has been removed leaving a square arch shape. Beyond the room is a hall. The hall contains a staircase, a coat stand and the front door. In the main room there is a window, a table with odd chairs, two large armchairs, a large sofa, a large sideboard, the upper half, which contains a mirror and a radiogram. The play begins in the afternoon with Lenny seated on the sofa with a newspaper and a pencil. We will write a custom essay on The Homecoming plot summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Max, the head of the household enters from the direction of the Kitchen. Max looks for a pair of scissors. He tries communicating with Lenny but receives no answer. There is a slight air of tension. Maxs character is establish extremely early on, when he reacts to being told to shut up, by Lenny, with threats and uses his walking stick as a threatening, potential weapon. There is some humorous banter and conversational intercourse between the two. Max dominates a lot of the talking and sometimes is in converse with himself. We are given early clues of the odd relationship that the family had with Maxs dead wife. Max uses a metaphor involving horses to show his distrust of women. Uncle Sam enters the house in his chauffeurs uniform. Lenny greets him. Sam describes his day, his entrance is quite self-obsessed. Max behaves like a child and demands attention. Sam shares his cigars he received from a client with Max. There is obvious tension between Sam and Max, it seems even more so than there had been between Max and Lenny. Max challenges Sams masculinity. We are given an incite of what is to come when Maxs describes what would happen if Sam had a bride. Joey comes in the front door. He walks into the room and removes his jacket. He is quite monosyllabic. He makes short statements like Feel a bit Hungry he uses ellipses where he misses out words like I. The tension builds to a small climax when Joey enters and the unit is superficially complete. Lenny leaves after a small confrontation with Max, where molestation is implied. Max explains to Joey how he needs to improve his boxing. Max implies he knows how to attack and defend himself. Joey exits the room. Max and Sam are left. Sam shows his feelings for McGregor, a brother who died. Max reveals information about his father. The play moves along to night time when everyone is asleep. Two well dressed individuals enter the room. Teddy and Ruth are Husband and Wife. They have an awkward and brief conversation; it reveals Teddy is a member of the family. Teddy gives the impression to his wife, his family are very warm people. Ruth leaves the house for a walk. Lenny enters the room. Teddy and Lenny talk. Lenny shows that the family is complete and that time seems to only pass when they are all together by saying something is ticking in his room now. The situation feels uncomfortable and Teddy goes to bed. Lenny sits and Ruth enters. They have a discussion, they learn who each other is and Lenny tries exerting his power over Ruth by telling a threatening story of an encounter a women had with him. Sexual tension builds and Ruth leaves Lenny shouting What was that supposed to be? Some kind of proposal? Ruth goes upstairs and then Max comes down. Max questions Lennys presence in the lounge. Lenny doesnt tell Max, Teddy is back and with his new Wife Ruth. The Morning begins with Joey boxing in the mirror. He is doing some slow limbering exercises. Max enters, watches Joey. Joey picks up a paper and sits. .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d , .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d .postImageUrl , .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d , .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d:hover , .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d:visited , .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d:active { border:0!important; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d:active , .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b0155b7d675aeab438a2bf77fb85d9d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Early Purges Analysis EssayMax complains about Sam always in the Kitchen. We see that Sam supplies the mother qualities to the family unit, like washing up. Teddy and Ruth come down the stairs. Max is shocked to see them. He is extremely rude about Teddys wife, Maxs hatred and suspicion of women is obvious. The act ends on a strange twist of emotion from what has just happened in the scene. The act ends on He still loves his father. Act two begins with Sam, Max, Teddy and Lenny about the stage smoking cigars. Joey and Ruth enter with Coffee. They discuss lunch and Max reminisces of his wife and imagines what she would say if she was there now. Sam after a brief argument with Max, stands, shakes Ruths hand and leaves. The family learn of the family Teddy has in America. Lenny poses a philosophical question to Teddy. Pinters absurd elements appear; the questioning of life and the meaning of it in a Godless world. Max, Joey and Lenny leave the house. Max and Joey go to the gym. Teddy tells Ruth he has decided to cut the trip short and he plans to leave that day. We see his disapproval of his family. He goes upstairs to pack. Lenny enters and begins to speak with Ruth. Ruth reveals some information of her past. She used to be a model. Teddy comes down the stairs with the cases. He puts them down and looks at Lenny. Lenny asks for a dance with Ruth before they leave. They dance to jazz music. Max and Joey enter the room. Lenny kisses Ruth. Joey proclaims old Lennys got a tart in here. Lenny sits o the arm of the sofa stroking Ruths hair as Joey embraces her. Max ask if Teddy is leaving already. Joey lies heavily on Ruth. Joey and Ruth roll of the sofa, after leading them on Ruth pushes Joey away and stands. She demands a drink, the men are now under her control. The play moves to evening and Teddy is sitting in his coat with the cases by him. Sam is in the room. They speak and we see Sams favouritism towards Teddy. He tells Teddy he was his Mothers favourite as well. This further shows how Sam has filled the role of Jessie, Maxs dead wife. Lenny enters and him and Teddy have a confrontation over Teddy eating Lennys cheese roll. Sam leaves. Teddy seeks revenge for Lenny stealing his wife by taking his cheese roll. Joey comes down the stairs and into the room. They discuss about how he got on with Ruth. Joey did have sex with Ruth and he seems dissatisfied and Lenny believes she is a tease. Sam and Max enter. They tell Max, Ruth is a tease. They decide to put Ruth on the game. Make her a prostitute. They decide to buy her a flat. Ruth comes down the stairs. They tell her they have invited her to stay. She haggles with them to come to a deal about her living arrangements and finance. Sam stands up and in one breath shouts Macgregor had Jessie in the back of my cab as I drove them along. He then falls to ground with a heart attack. He doesnt die but it shows the replacement of the mother figure. Teddy leaves and Ruth takes Maxs chair as a sign of her domination.

A comparison of formulation of government policies; Japan and Britain

Introduction Government policies are central to the realisation of government goals and initiatives. Before political can assume power, they are required to convince the electorate fully. This is based on agendas that address different needs of the electorate. In 2009, Democratic Party of Japan assumed power after defeating the long-serving LDP party. One of their agendas was to reform the mechanisms used in formulation of government policies.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on A comparison of formulation of government policies; Japan and Britain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their main aim was to reduce bureaucratic influence and control over the process of formulation of government policies. The following paper explores the process of formulation of government policies in Japan. It provides insight into the role of different stakeholders in the process including the Prime Minister, Cabinet Ministers, burea ucrats and other special interest groups. Finally, it provides a comparison with Britain’s policy making process. Formulation of government policies in Japan Japan’s government is headed by a Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is appointed from either Houses of Parliament and subjected to a vote. The successful candidate is thereby presented to the Emperor for attestation (Curtis, 2000). One of the Prime Minister’s functions is the appointment and dismissal of Cabinet ministers. Therefore, the Prime Minister appoints individual whom in his view are representative of the party’s ideology. Under the constitution, the Prime Minister is allowed to appoint fourteen ministers only. However, under special circumstances, he is allowed to appoint up to seventeen ministers. Ministers oversee activities in various ministries. Government policies in Japan mainly originate from government ministries. Government ministries mainly consist of bureaucrats who have wealth of information regarding various issues affecting the ministry (Nakamura Joffe, 2011). Also, most bureaucratic institutions within Japan have useful resources which are crucial in crafting of policies geared towards legislation. The process of formulation of government policy commences with the appointment of special advisory commissions (Curtis, 2000). These commissions comprise of experts from different fields. Commissions are used to give expert opinions and possible solutions to pertinent issues as raised by the ministry officials. Thereafter, the commission is required to submit a report containing recommendations including possible legislation that could be enacted in order to address issues as raised the ministry. The second stage encompasses liaison between various ministries in order to establish jurisdiction and possibility of legislation. Senior ministry officials are involved and explore the jurisdiction of recommendations as indicated by the commission (Nakamura Joffe , 2011).Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is used to avoid possible collision of needs between various ministries. Various institutions within the ministries are responsible for coming up with bills. Additionally, the ministry may seek assistance from other institutions with relevant resources. This institutions use such avenues to advance their interests. Thereafter, bills are submitted Cabinet Legislation Bureau. It is the responsibility of the bureau to ensure that bills are in line with the constitution and past legislations as well (Nakamura Joffe, 2011). In the final stage, the bill is submitted to the cabinet for approval. This entails a critical analysis of the content of the bill. The Cabinet under the leadership of the Prime Minister can recommend some amendments to the bill. The bill is, thereafter, presented to the Diet. Comparison of Policy Making in Japan and Britain There are several similarities between policy making in Japan and Britain. One similarity is the presence of interest groups. In Japan, interest groups come into play in the policy making process when they are contracted by ministries. This is primarily of resources available to them that are useful in the process of drafting bills. In Britain, interest groups have access to politicians (Grant, 2000). Using their resources, they are in position to draft bills that are represented to the House of Commons as private member bills. Another similarity is the presentation of proposed bills to the Cabinet. In Japan, proposed bills are submitted to Cabinet for discussion before approval. Subsequently, they are submitted to the Duet for enactment into law. In Britain, the Prime Minister is charged with the responsibility of coordinating Cabinet activities (Grant, 2000). He appoints various Cabinet committees that are responsible for analysis of various bills before they are presented to the House of Commons. However, there several differences between the policy making process in Britain and that in Japan. Government policy in Japan is geared towards addressing bureaucratic interests. Bureaucrats play a significant role in the policy making process. Based on the knowledge they have, they are in a position to influence the political leadership. This is because political leadership relies heavily on their expertise on various matters pertaining legislation. In Britain, however, government policy making process is more inclusive. Therefore, ministers through are in a position to get information regarding pertinent issues regarding their bills from different stakeholders. Britain is a pluralist society thus no group is a position to dominate the policy making process (Grant, 2000). Decreased bureaucratic control in Britain’s policy makes the process more efficient. Bureaucrats influence the government’s thus restricting input of other stakeholders. Bri tish government’s policy making process is more inclusive thus needs of various stakeholders are taken into account before the government can come up with a bill.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on A comparison of formulation of government policies; Japan and Britain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) efforts to break bureaucratic influence in government policy making process have not been successful. This has been caused by bureaucrats’ grip on key knowledge on important government issues. During LDP tenure, bureaucrats played a significant role thus accessed key government information. DPJ, therefore, has been forced to integrate them into their processes. Therefore, the government has to work closely with bureaucrats and thus attempt to reduce their influence gradually. Reference List Curtis, Gerald L. (2000). The Logic of Japanese Politics. New York, N .Y.: Columbia University Press. Grant, W. (2000). Pressure Groups and British Politics .London: Macmillan. Nakamura, M., Joffe, P. Differences of Policy Formulation Processes in Japan and U.S. Parliaments: Roles of the Cabinet, Congressional Staff, Government Officials, Lobbyists, Parliamentarians, and Think Tanks. Web. This term paper on A comparison of formulation of government policies; Japan and Britain was written and submitted by user Natural Budgie to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Vogue Words

Definition and Examples of Vogue Words A vogue word is a fashionable word or phrase that tends to lose its effectiveness through overuse. Also called a  voguism. Vogue words, says Kenneth G. Wilson, are perfectly good Standard English words that suddenly become modish, so that for a time we hear them being used everywhere, by everyone, until we are utterly sick of them (The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, 1993). Examples and Observations [Some] vogue words are technical words clumsily applied to other fields. These include parameter, bottom line, interface, mode, and space; phrases like immediate feedback and close the loop; and, in a sense, ballpark figure, and touch base with you.(Matt Young, The Technical Writers Handbook: Writing With Style and Clarity. University Science Books, 2002)IconicMr. Leopold is not turning 95 years old, but his iconic ice cream business is. . . .Now owned by Peters youngest son, Stratton, and his wife Mary, the iconic sweets shop on Broughton Street still serves its premium recipes in a fun, retro-style soda shop. . . .She says they plan to offer plenty of room for guests to find a seat while hot dogs will be for sale and the iconic Leopolds portable carts will be on hand outside the store.(BDay Bash: Leopolds Celebrates 95 Years. Savannah Morning News, August 14, 2014)ArtisanThere are, I think, two ways one could read the fact that McDonalds is using the word  artisan  to market it s chicken. On the one hand, it could be a self-aware joke meant to finally deal a death blow to one of the most grating words in the pop lexicon. The king of mass-produced fast food has officially appropriated a phrase that once denoted something expensive and handmade, thus rendering it fully devoid of meaning. In which case: McDonalds 1, upper-middle-class foodies 0.The other possibility: The chain is struggling to  reverse its sales woes, and bewildered by the brave new world ushered in by Shake Shack and Chipotle, it has latched on to artisan as an inadvertently desperate-sounding synonym for less industrial.†(Jordan Weissmann, McDonald’s, Bewildered by Modernity, Is Now Selling an Artisan Chicken Sandwich. Slate, April 27, 2015) Favorite and Least Favorite Words: Awe and Awesome!- Awe, a word we are about to lose, that has been robbed of its meaning by the unfortunate adjective awesome. Awe meaning ecstatic, reverential feeling before Beauty, before the Magnificent. Awesome, a tiresome word, flung indiscriminately in all directions, on all occasions until it has become so trivial, it is valueless.Awe, to be used on rare occasions before the marvelous, the extraordinary. It conveys wonder and amazement. Even the sound conveys a feeling. Saying the word, the mouth opens in speechless delight before that which is greater than the self.(Elizabeth Strong-Cuevas, quoted by Lewis Burke Frumkes in Favorite Words of Famous People. Marion Street Press, 2011)- In a world of sensory overload, most terms of acclaim are exaggerations. A pile of french fries hardly makes us tremble in awe, yet we call it awesome, exaggerating for the sake of persuasion. But because awesome is so worn out, the exaggeration doesnt register; it needs an element of novelty to help it to do so. Novelty gets attention. The fries were industrial-strength awesome. The ride was shiver-me-timbers awesome.(Arthur Plotnik, Better Than Great: A Plenitudinous Compendium of Wallopingly Fresh Superlatives. Cleis Press, 2011)- Im just amazed that hundreds of people can gobble up this malarkey and repeat it, with straight faces. Im equally amazed by the high regard in which HubSpot people hold themselves. They use the word awesome incessantly, usually to describe themselves or each other. Thats awesome! Youre awesome! No, youre awesome for saying that Im awesome!(Dan Lyons, Disrupted: My Misadventure in the Start-Up Bubble. Hachette, 2016)- Vogue words like  awesome  catch on because everyone is using them, and they irritate because everyone is using them. Adopters hear other people using  awesome  to indicate enthusiastic approval generally and pick it up because it gives them a sense of solidarity and group identity. Scorner s resist  awesome  because they do not care to sound like those people.Acceptance or rejection of group identity sharpens the reactions.For example, sticklers will likely carp about impoverishment of vocabulary and semantic drift,  awesome  in the enthusiastic approval generally sense having little or nothing to do with  awe  (just as they would previously have objected to  terrible  for its attenuated connection to  terror). For the stickler, disapproval is a badge of cultural and social superiority. For the adopter, approval is a thumb in the eye of the pretentious.(John E. McIntyre, Shock and Awesome. The Baltimore Sun, December 23, 2015) ViableViable means workable and likely to survive. It has become a vogue word and is commonly used in the sense of workable or achievable. Adjectives such as durable, lasting, effective, and practical are more appropriate.(James S. Major, Writing Classified and Unclassified Papers in the Intelligence Community. Scarecrow Press, 2009)Associate You walk into a PetSmart, a supermarket for dog and cat supplies that allows customers to shop along with their animal companions. You hear a voice on a loudspeaker say urgently, Would an associate report to the rubber-toys aisle. Instantly, a guy with a mop and pail appears, zeros in on the puddle behind a shamefaced puppy and takes care of the problem.The job title of the person doing the mopping-up is associate. No longer is today’s man with a muck rake termed an employee; that description is deemed demeaning. Associate hints at managerial equality.(William Safire, On Language: Vogue-Word Watch. The New York Times, July 15, 2009)Unacce ptableWhy is everyone using the word unacceptable lately? An irate woman on Five Live phoned in this morning and said that it was completely unacceptable that the banks were gambling with our money.Tonight, on East Midlands Today, after a disturbing report about a sawn-up body found in a wheelie bin in a Nottingham suburb, a policeman said, This is a quiet residential area and, as such, this crime is totally unacceptable.A neighbour who was interviewed in the street said, I noticed the bin had been out on the pavement for three days, which is obviously unacceptable.(Sue Townsend, Adrian Mole: The Prostrate Years. Penguin, 2010) ImageA great darling among the loosely used pseudoscientific vogue words of recent years is image in the sense impression that others subconsciously have of someone. A jaundiced observer of modern life might well suppose that what we actually are is not nearly so important as the image we are ableto use another vogue wordto project.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson, 2005)FeedbackFeedback. In its rigorous scientific sense, feedback is the return to an input of part of its output, so as to provide self-corrective action. Feedback is a vogue word in a loose sense for which response would be a perfectly adequate alternative, as in we got a lot of valuable feedback on our advertising campaign.(Ernest Gowers, et al. The Complete Plain Words, rev. ed. David R. Godine, 1988)How to Resist Vogue WordsThe best way to offset the harm of vogues is to stick resolutely, in speech and writing, to each vogue words central meaning. Addre ss an audience or a postcard, but not a problem or a question. Call a substance or a temperament volatile, but not an issue or a situation. Express sympathy far and wide, but keep empathy for aesthetics or psychiatry. Remember Tiny Tim and avoid naming things minuscule or minimal.(Jacques Barzun, Simple Direct: A Rhetoric for Writers. Harper Row, 1975)

A Study of Business Sustainability Indices in Malaysian Cities Dissertation

A Study of Business Sustainability Indices in Malaysian Cities - Dissertation Example 9 1.3.1 World Summit in Rio de Janeiro †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 1.3 Purpose of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 1.4 Research Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 12 1.5 Research Questions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 1.6 Hypotheses †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 13 1.8 Significance of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 20 1.9 Chapter Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 1.10 Organization of dissertation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Chapter 2 Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 2.1 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 2.2 Sustainability: Definition and Background †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 2.2.1 Sustainability theories †¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............................................ ... 40 2.2.4 Sustainable development †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 41 2.2.4.1 Social sustainability and sustainable neighborhood †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 43 2.2.5 Urban forms and effects on sustainability †¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 46 2.2.5.1 Urban planning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 47 2.2.5.2 Principles of sustainability in plans evaluation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 47 2.2.5.3 Case study: Indianapolis Greenways System †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 49 2.2.5.4 Business and environment: The greening of supply chain †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 50 2.2.6 Challenges in sustainability †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 52 2.2.6.1 Population, migration and urbanization †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 52 2.2.6.1.1 Slowing and differential growth †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 54 2.2.6.1.2 Continuing rural migration and rapid expansion of cities †¦ 55 2.2.6.2 Affluence/poverty, well-being, and health †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 56 2.2.6.3 Technological innovations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 56 2.2.6.4 Globalization, governance and institution †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 57 2.2.6.5 Global environmental change †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 59 2.2.6.6 Peace and securities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 61 2.2.7 Developed versus developing world cities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 61 2.3 Strategic policy options for sustainable development †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 62 Chapter 3 Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 63 3.1 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..................... 63 3.2 Literature review